Tendons, Muscles, & Ligaments

Tendons connect muscles to bone.
Ligaments connect bone to bone. 
Muscles allow our bodies to move. 

There are three kinds of muscles.
1. The Skeletal Muscle - connected to bones.
2.  Smooth muscle - found in the bladder, blood vessels, and lines your asophagus. 
3. Cardiac muscle - the heart muscle

A hamstring is a muscle located behind your leg, and is very easy to pull; creating a loud rifle sound when pulled.
Achilles is a tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. 

Cartilage

Cartilage

Cartilage is a firm, flexible tissue found at the ends of bones. 

It is also found in your nostrils, the rib cage, throat, and in between joints. It is what your ear, and what sharks are made of. 

It is responsible to prevent bones from rubbing together and creating friction. Cartilage acts as a shock absorber. 

Cartilage is tough, smooth, and strong. 

What are the main causes of damaged/split/worn-down cartilage?

- If the joint receives a heavy impact or injury (e.g in a car crash or or in a bad fall).

- If the joint has not been used/moved for a long period of time - lack of movement.

- If the joint is overused, or is stressed for a long period of time (e.g in sports). Many athletes suffer from this! 

Damage to your cartilage may result in your bones grinding together, possibly leading to conditions such as joint pain (arthritis).

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis)

This is when the cartilage at the ends of bones wear away, causing the bones to rub together. Degenerative arthritis causes stiffness in the joints, as well as severe pain. 

Rheumatoid arthritis

This is when the body's enzymes destroy the joint tissue lining. This causes reduced movement, pain, lack of function, and inflames the joints. 

Study of The Bones

If you took away your muscles, organs, and skin, this would what would remain of your body; your bones, also known as the skeleton. 

Common names of the bones

Skull - Cranium

Spinal Cord - N/A

Shoulder Blade - Scapula

Rib Cage - Thoracic Cage

Fingers & Toes - Phalanges

Lower Jaw - Mandible

Knee Cap - Patella

Leg - Femur & tibial

Tail Bone - Coccyx

Collarbone - Clavicle 

Wrist - Carpal

Breastbone - Sternum 

Palm - Metacarpal

Upper Jaw - Maxilla

Forehead - Frontal bone

Heel bone - Calcareous

How many bones has a baby got?
300

How many bones do adults have?
206
The bones, are you develop, fuse together. That is why adults have less bones than babies.

Describe the structure of the long bone, e.g femur. 

Above is the structure of a long bone. There are many 'long bones' in the body including the phalanges (fingers) femur (leg bone) and arms. Long bones are hard, have a shaft, and have two ends. 

What are the different types of joints?

There is the hinge joint (leg) ball/socket joint (shoulder) pivot joint (neck) saddle joint (thumb) and planar joint (fingers).

What is at the end of moving joints?

Articular cartilage. The purpose of this is to smooth, and prevent the joints from rubbing together. 

What are the functions of the bones?

Bones provide a frame to attach and support muscles and other tissues. They also store essential vitamins and minerals, and generate blood cells. 

Tubular Organ Disease (HSP)

The HSP Disease

Organ it affects: Tubular organs (blood vessel) 

Henoch schonlein purpura is a short-term disease that inflames the blood cells in your body, however in rare cases it can spread to the organs such as the kidney. 

This disease, on the body, appears as many red spots on the skin, in areas such as the buttocks, thighs, legs, and arms. 

Other symptoms include joint pain, vomiting/diarrhoea/nausea, and in rare cases, arthritis in the hand. This disease is most common in children under the age of 10, and is more likely to effect boys.

Above is what HSP appears to look like on the skin's surface. In the body, it is the inflammation of blood vessels (tubular organs) that is causing the red spots/blotches all over the skin. 

HSP is currently not curable, however it requires little to no treatment in common cases. The treatment simply includes minor symptom control. 

However, HSP can occasionally lead to cases of irreversible, incurable kidney diseases.

The Anatomy of The Spleen

The Spleen

The spleen is an organ located underneath the heart. It's main responsibility is to fight infections, therefore keeping the body and it's blood cells healthy and strong. It does this by cleaning out the old blood cells and recycling them. The spleen also holds a supply of extra blood in case it needs some, and is part of the circulatory system. 

The Anatomy of the Pancreas

Pancreas

The Pancreas is an organ that belongs to the digestive system of the body. It is connected to the stomach, and can break down many substances such as carbs, fats, and protein. The pancreas releases hormones, as well -- it releases insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. 

The Anatomy of The Kidneys

The Kidneys

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs of the human body, located in the abdomen. They are the organ responsible for creating urine, and therefore are a part of the urinary system. The kidney is also responsible for making hormones, which are responsible for the body going through puberty. Unlike many other organs such as the heart, lung, liver and brain, a human can live with only one kidney. Personally, I only have one kidney as I lost it to a disease back in 2012. 

The Anatomy of The Rectum and Anus

The Rectum and Anus

Anus

The anus is an opening of the body, located inbetween the buttocks and at the end of the digestive system. This is where faeces or stool exits the body. 

Rectum

The rectum is a part of the large intestine, and ends at the anus. It is one of the last organs of the human body digestive system. This is the part of the large intestines where faeces of stool is stored before being removed. 

The rectum and anus are located at the bottom of the diagram. 

The Anatomy of the Large Intestines

The Large Intestines

The large intestine is a bowel commonly titled as the large bowel, connecting the small intestine to both the rectum and anus. The large intestine is much shorter than the small intestine, being only 1.5 metres long. The main priority of the large intestines is to absorb water and store faeces (poop) before being removed. 

The Anatomy of The Small Intestines

The Small Intestines

The small intestines are a large organ located between the stomach and large intestine. They can be as long as 5 to 6 metres. Their main priority is to digest and absorb the food from the stomach.

A Model of Anatomy

A Model of Anatomy

Today we were shown a model of the entire human body and it's anatomy. The model displayed every organ in the body. 

Here are some pictures of the model. 

This photo shows what the model looked like with the organs all in place. Noticeable organs shown include the lungs, heart, intestines, liver, and pharynx. 

These pictures show the human body with the organs removed. Noticeable features shown include the spleen, appendix, pharynx, and many veins and arteries throughout the chest and stomach. 

The Anatomy of The Liver & Gallbladder

The Liver

What are the livers main functions?

The liver is an essential, small organ located in the upper right abdomen, on the side of your body. The liver does a number of different things for your body, including converting protein and fat into glucose. The liver also breaks down your blood, stores glucose, and creates bile to help the small intestines to digest food. It appears as a smooth, crimson-brown coloured organ, and many people eat the liver of sheep, cows, and other animals.

This is where the liver is located in the body. As you can see, it is connected to the intestines. 

The gallbladder, which appears as a small green area, is what creates bile - a yellow-green, bitter substance that you may experience after vomiting. 

The Anatomy of The Heart

The Heart

An essential organ of the human body, located in the left side of the chest, partially behind the lung.

What is the main function of the heart?

The heart's main function is to flow blood through the body, through its complicated system of arteries and veins. With every pulse, the heart sends blood to circulate through the body's blood vessels. It is located in the chest, partially behind the left lung. The heart is essential because the entire body's limbs and organs requires blood circulation to be able to move, feel and touch. If the heart stopped beating, we would be killed immediately. 

This is what the heart looks like. The pale pink and yellow pipes are called arteries, the veins which blood pumps through. Consuming too much sugar can clog your arteries and cause heart attacks or heart disease. 

This has been my anatomy of the heart. 

The Anatomy of The Oesophagus

The Oesophagus

An organ in the human body, connecting the throat to the stomach.

What is the function of the oesophagus?

The oesophagus is a 25-mm pipe or digestive organ, which connects the nose and mouth (also known as the pharynx) to the stomach, to digest food. The oesophagus is lined with a layer of muscle, which is able to peristalsis and push the food down into the stomach. The oesophagus is also able to become smaller (contract) or largen (expand) to allow food to come through. 

Where the esophagus is located in the digestive system.

The Anatomy of The Eyes

The Eyes

An organ located in the head, which allows the body to see.

What are the eyes main functions?

The eyes allow the human body to see, by sending signals from the retina, through to the brain via the optic nerve. Eyes are extremely complex organs, however there are certain frequencies of light it cannot see, such as ultraviolet light. Many people across the globe have eye problems, and wear glasses to assist the eyes with these. 

What the eyes look like, inside and out.

What are the eyes made of?

The eyes are made of thousands of tiny nerves, muscles, and discs. 

The pupil is the small black hole in the centre of the eye. It is surrounded by the iris; which is either a blue, green, or brown colour. The anterior chamber, located at the bottom of the iris, is a fluid-filled space. When you blink, the eyes are moistened with this fluid, and if you don't blink for a long time, your eyes will dry out. Luckily, the brain's neurons allow the eyes to blink automatically. 

The optic disc is at the back of the eyes. If you look a certain way, you are able to see the blindspot that this causes. The optic disc has no debris, such as cones or rods, covering it, so this is what causes it.

This will help you find your blindspot in the eye. It appears as a small, colourless dot, and is a cool trick to impress your friends.

The retina is where the optic nerve sends the brain information from. The optic nerve is of course, connected to the optic disc. 

This has been my anatomy of the eyes.

The Anatomy of the Lungs

The Lungs

A respiratory organ in the human chest. 

What are the lungs main functions?

Where the lungs are located in the chest

The lungs are two large organs in the human body, located in the chest, protected by the rib cage; which allows the body to breathe. The lungs give the blood in the body oxygen from the air, and takes away carbon dioxide. When breathing out, we exhale carbon from the food we eat. The lungs are the primary function of the body's respiratory system.

What the lungs look like, during inhalation and exhalation.

The Anatomy of The Brain

The Human Brain

The human brain is a large organ located in your head, responsible for every bodily function you have. 

What are the brain's main functions?

The brain allows you to think, learn, and your body to function properly. It is in control of essential necessities in your body, including your heartbeat, breathing, blinking, and digesting food.

 How does the brain do this?
It sends signals through hundreds of billions of nerves and neurons, which are found in every area of the body. There can be as many as 1 trillion nerves/neurons in your body. These messages sent from the brain through nerves tell the muscles/bones etc. to see, feel, move, taste, hear things, and so on. Neurons, especially in the brain, develop the more they are trained. You strengthen your neurons by learning and studying new things.

Basically, the brain sends messages through nerves to allow your body's organs/muscles etc. to function normally and properly. 

How big is the brain?

Typically, the average human brain weighs approximately 1,400 grams, which is about half as heavy as a brick. The brain accounts for only 2% of your body weight. Compared to other creatures on Earth, the human brain is very large. The fruit fly has the smallest brain on Earth, consisting of approximately 250,000 neurons. The jellyfish is the largest creature on Earth without a brain. 

What are the different parts of the brain?

The human brain is made out of three main parts. These parts are named the cerebral cortex (ce-ree-brool), cerebellum, and brain stem. 

Cerebral cortex

This portion of the brain is in charge of a range of different things, as it is the largest and most developed part. Most importantly, the cerebral cortex is involved in planning and organization, language and information processing, motor function, determining intelligence/personality, and feeling things. It covers the cerebellum, and looks like a 1.5 - 5mm thin grey matter on top of the brain. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes that each do different, specific things. 

• The Frontal Lobe is responsible for 'planning/organisation, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving'.
• The Parietal Lobe is responsible for 'body movement, orientation, and recognising different things'
• The Occipital Lobe is responsible for 'visual processing'.
• The Temporal Lobe is responsible for 'processing different music/sounds playing at the same time (also known as auditory stimuli) memory, and speech. '

Cerebellum (ceer-re-bell-um)

This portion of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination, precision, motor control, and balancing the body. For example, the cerebellum makes sure your limb muscles don't flail out randomly. People with the tourettes disease have a morphed cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the back of the skull. Although this region of the brain is most important for precision and balance, some areas of the cerebellum can help with language and mental skills. 

Brain stem

The brain stem is located beneath the brain, at the rear, connecting the brain and spinal cord together. The brain stem is responsible for several different necessities, including the heartbeat, body temperature, hunger, thirst, breathing, blinking and swallowing. The brain stem is typically small but is essential for proper bodily function and sensory connections - for example, it controls heartbeat, sweating, and breathing. The brain stem is divided into two - the hindbrain and midbrain. The brainstem is also connected to your face and neck nerves. 

That is my study of the anatomy of the brain. 

The Anatomy of Organs

The Anatomy Of Organs

Today we had a task studying Anatomy. We had to trace around ourselves on a large sheet of paper, then draw inside the bodies where we think the inner organs are located. After seeing how accurate or inaccurate our diagram, we ranked our diagram on a scale of 1-10. In our diagram, the majority of the organs were located correctly. However, the liver was on the incorrect side of the diagram and the heart was too far to the left and completely behind the lungs. There were several organs that were located exactly correctly -- the kidney, brains, lungs, and stomach. Overall, we gave ourselves a 8/10 because we could have placed  organs more accurately.

Here are some photos of our body diagram.

Above is the photo we compared the body to.